ʻO ke kila hoʻoheheʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kila pale ʻana i ka lewa, aia ma waena o ke kila maʻamau a me ke kila kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hana ʻia ke kila maʻemaʻe me ke kila kalapona maʻamau i hoʻohui ʻia i kahi liʻiliʻi o ke keleawe, nickel a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe, me ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe. ka hoʻonuiʻana, ka hanaʻana, ka wili a me kaʻokiʻana, ka abrasion, ka wela kiʻekiʻe, ka luhi luhi a me nāʻano'ē aʻe;ʻO ke kūpaʻa o ka wā he 2 ~ 8 mau manawa o ke kila kalapona maʻamau, ʻo ka uhi ʻana he 1.5 ~ 10 mau manawa o ke kila kalapona maʻamau.I ka manawa like, loaʻa iā ia nā hiʻohiʻona o ka pale ʻana i ka ʻōpala, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ola, ka hoʻemi ʻana a me ka hoʻemi ʻai ʻana, ka mālama hana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu.

Nā waiwai waiwai a me nā ʻano

No ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ʻo Corten Steel a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻaahi, nā ipu a me nā alahaka.Hoʻohana ʻia ke kila Weathering e like me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea facade, ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, Western Europe, Australia a me Asia ma Iapana, South Korea kekahi moʻolelo.Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻāpana oxide o 50 ~ 100μm mānoanoa me ka hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻana i ka metala matrix ma waena o ka papa ʻōpala a me ka metala matrix ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea e like me ke keleawe, chromium a me ka nickel.He ʻulaʻula kūpaʻa a ʻaʻahu maoli kēia ʻāpana ʻokikene paʻa kūikawā.1. Nā hiʻohiʻona hana kūʻokoʻa: ʻO ka mea mua, loaʻa iā ia ka hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona.Hoʻololi nā papa kila i ka wā.ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona māmā kala a me ka saturation ma mua o nā mea hana maʻamau, no laila maʻalahi ke kū i waho o ke kua o nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻili ʻōpala i hana ʻia e ka corrosion o ka pā kila e hāʻawi i ke ʻano o ka nui a me ka nui.2. He mana ikaika kona e hana ai.E like me nā metala ʻē aʻe, ua maʻalahi nā papa kila ʻōpala i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole a mālama i ka kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka lāʻau, ka pōhaku a me ke kaʻa.3. Loaʻa iā ia ka hiki ke wehewehe i ka lewa.No ka mea he nui loa ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ka pā kila, ʻaʻole ia e like me ka palena mānoanoa i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke ʻano o nā mea masonry.No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā papa kila lahilahi e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi ākea me ka maopopo a me ka pololei, e lilo ai ka pūnaewele i mea pōkole a mālamalama, akā piha pū i ka mana.

Kaʻina huahana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale

(ke kila weathering ↑)

ʻO ke kaʻina hana ʻino: ʻo ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka rust stabilization ma luna o ka ʻili o ke kila kūpaʻa, me ke ʻano kemika (rust liquid)), no laila e hoʻohua ai i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka ʻili kiʻi, he ʻano pale o ka hoʻohana mua ʻana o ke kila e ka outflow of rust, no laila ke kūpaʻa., lapaʻau artificial maʻamau 30 lā.ʻO ka maʻamau, inā loaʻa ka pōʻino kūloko ma muli o ka mālama ʻana i ka uhi maʻamau, ʻo ke ʻano o ka peeling pena ke kumu o ka ʻōpala, i mea e mālama ai i ke ʻano o ka pena.Eia naʻe, ʻo ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka rust stabilization e hoʻoheheʻe mālie i ka ʻili kiʻiʻoniʻoni, i mea e hoʻonui mālie ai ka paʻa o ka ʻōpala i nā mea a pau, e uhi ana i kahi papa o ka ʻili kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ka ʻili o ke kila, me ka mālama ʻole.1. ʻO ka pae mua: ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kila hoʻoheheʻe maoli e ulu i nā wahi ʻōpala liʻiliʻi, ʻo nā wahi ʻōpala o ka pā kila maʻamau he ʻano wehe ʻole, ʻilihune kekahi o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōpala a hiki i ka ʻili ʻōpala;3. ʻO ka lua o ka pae o ka pā hao hao lōʻihi: ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai ʻeleʻele o ke kila welu maoli, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me ka mānoanoa o ka ʻōpala;ʻOi aku ka nui o ka wai ʻōpala o ka pā kila maʻamau, a ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka lahilahi o ka ʻōpala.ʻOi aku ke koʻikoʻi o ke kolamu pā kila maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o nā kaha waimaka, ʻo ka lalo o ka mea hana he mau hōʻailona ʻeleʻele;4. ʻO ke kolu o ke kolu o ka pā hao hao lōʻihi: ʻo ke kila hoʻoheheʻe maoli ʻia he ʻano kumu ʻeleʻele maʻemaʻe a paʻa, i pili pono i kahi papa pale.Aneane hiki ole ke hoopau i ka lepo me ka lima.Ordinary kila pā rust oi, a hiki i ka pau'āpana o ka pulu peeling, rust lole.Hoʻopili ʻia ke kila maʻamau i ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, ʻo ka pā kila maʻamau ke ʻano ʻeleʻele.

(Hoʻololi kala o ke kila welu ↑)

Ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā nodes

ʻO ka pā pale hale kila i kēia manawa (3MM) a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka pā i waho o ka pā alumini i kēia manawa, ʻo ka papa mānoanoa (5MM a ʻoi aʻe) hoʻohana ʻia ka pale pale pale kila i ke ʻano e kau ana.ʻO ka ʻāina a me kekahi mau mea maʻalahi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina hana kuʻi pololei.E noʻonoʻo i kēia: 1. ʻO ka corrosion o nā wahi kuʻi: ʻO ka nui o ka oxidation o nā wahi wili e pono e like me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e koi ana i nā mea wili kūikawā a me nā ʻenehana.2. ʻO ka ʻino wai: ʻaʻole he kila kila, inā aia ka wai i loko o ka concave o ke kila weathering, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka corrosion, no laila pono ia e hana i kahi hana maikaʻi o ka wai.3. ʻO ka ea paʻakai: ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kila i kēia ʻano paʻakai ma Hawaiʻi.I loko o ia ʻano kaiapuni, ʻaʻole hiki i kahi uhi pale ke pale i ka oxidation hou i loko.4. Malili: ʻO ka ʻōpala ma luna o ka ʻili o ke kila weluwelu hiki ke lilo i ka ʻili o nā mea kokoke i ka lepo.